Table 3 The stages of engineering design for students suggested by science education researchers
MDE (2006) | Hynes et al. (2011) | Guerra et al. (2012) | Kim et al. (2013) | Heo (2014) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
• Identify a need or a problem • Research the need or problem • Develop possible solutions • Select the best possible solution • Construct a prototype • Test and evaluate the solution • Communicate the solution • Redesign | • Identify and define problems • Research the need or problem • Develop possible solutions • Select the best possible solution • Construct a prototype • Test and evaluate the solution • Communicate the solution • Redesign • Complete | • Identify the need • Describe the need • Characterize and analyze the system • Generate concepts • Select concept • Embody the concept • Test and evaluate the concept • Refine the concept • Finalize and share the design | • Identify need and problem • Identify criteria and constraint • Develop possible solutions • Select the best solution • Create a model • Test and evaluate the solutions • Communicate the solution • Redesign and refine | • Confirmation of problems and constraints • Generate and select the idea • Research and development • Making • Evaluation • Presentation and discussion • Improvement of the design |