Middle school student attitudes toward science, and their relationships with instructional practices: a survey of Chinese students’ preferred versus actual instruction

Asia-Pacific Science Education

Table 7 Multiple regression analysis for attitude toward science (N = 1299)

Coefficient	B	s.e.	β	p
Block 1: Control Variables
Intercept	2.548	0.071		0.000
Female	−0.141	0.015	−0.230	0.000
SchoolA	−0.061	0.021	−0.092	0.003
SchoolB	−0.036	0.019	−0.057	0.064
Block 2: Preferred Instruction
Preferred-Cooperative	0.285	0.042	0.465	0.000
Preferred-Constructivist	0.004	0.018	0.010	0.838
Preferred-Direct	−0.067	0.033	−0.099	0.042
Block 3: Discrepancy
Discrepancy-Cooperative	0.394	0.038	0.542	0.000
Discrepancy-Constructivist	−0.034	0.015	−0.094	0.022
Discrepancy-Direct	−0.115	0.043	−0.103	0.007

Female, SchoolA, and SchoolB are dichotomous variables that have value of 1 for students who have these criteria and 0 otherwise; so, the reference group is male students attending the C schools. B is the unstandardized regression coefficient, and β is the standardized regression coefficient. Block 1 variables together explained 8.8% of the variation in attitude. Block 2 variables together explained an additional 3.8% of variation in attitude. Block 3 variables together explained an additional 12.4% of variation in attitude