Table 6 The designed framework of the social constructivism-based curriculum for primary science education in a CHC

Engagement

A. To provide students with the motivation to learn

1. Doing a small hands-on task with a relevant example related to scientific subject matter

2. Answering What, How, and Why questions about a relevant example related to scientific subject matter

1. In small groups and/or in the class as a whole

a. Students are interested in scientific subject matter

Experience

B. To evoke attitudes toward science

C. To acquire procedural knowledge

D. To acquire conceptual knowledge

E. To acquire argumentative skills

3. Predicting: Observe and discuss in order to answer questions: What do you observe? What will happen if…? Why do you think so?

4. Hands-on: Do experiment and discuss in order to answer questions: What did you observe? How can you explain it? Why do you think so?

5. Questioning: Formulate questions related to scientific subject matter

2. In small groups

b. Students are curious about learning representative examples of scientific subject matter

c. Students are active in learning about representative examples of scientific subject matter

d. Students use their intuitive knowledge to learn about scientific subject matter

e. Students argue with each other to attain consensually agreed knowledge on representative examples of scientific subject matter

Exchange

F. To build on attitudes toward science

G. To build on procedural knowledge

H. To build on conceptual knowledge

I. To build on argumentative skills

6. Presenting results to other groups

7. Discussing results with other groups

8. Answering formulated questions related to scientific subject matter

3. In the class as a whole and/or in combined groups

f. Students are interactive in learning scientific subject matter

g. Students argue with each other to attain consensually agreed knowledge on scientific subject matter

Follow-up

J. To acquire cognitive flexibility

K. To further learning motivation

9. Providing answers and/or solutions for questions and/or problems related to scientific subject matter

4. In the class as a whole

h. Students can provide appropriate answers and/or solutions on applying attained knowledge

i. Students show their desire to learn more about scientific subject matter