Table 2 Attribute related to collective intelligence

Lévy (1994a, 1994b)

Definition of collective intelligence

Form of universally distributed intelligence, enhanced constantly, coordinated in real time, resulting in the effective mobilization of skills

Surowiecki (2005)

The wisdom of crowds

Diversity, independence, decentralization, coordination

Leadbeater (2009)

Five principles of collective intelligence project success

Core, contribute, connect (make relationships), collaborate, create

Optimization conditions of collective intelligence

Core group, stimulate challenging needs, feedback from peer verification, differentiation of tasks by modules, clear rules for selecting ideas, sharing of project ownership

Sawyer (2011)

Seven key characteristics of effective creative teams

Innovation emerges over time, deep listening, team members build on their collaborators’ ideas, do not hurry to define the meaning of an idea, excellence in discovering new problems, innovation is inefficient (produce endless ideas), innovation emerges from the bottom up (start with a little improvised idea)

Lee and Lee (2009)

Six components of collective intelligence

Shared mental model, collaborative intelligence, social networking, diversity, collective memory system, integrated group performance

Hill et al. (2014)

Collective genius

Purpose (why we exist), shared values (what we agree is important), rules of engagement, creative abrasion, creative resolution (creative reinterpretation), creative agility