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Table 3 Dependent variables in two studies

From: A review of the effect of integrated STEM or STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) education in South Korea

Kang, Lee, et al. (2018)

Shin (2018)

1. Academic achievement

1. Academic achievement

**2. Affective achievement

a2. Affective achievement

*3. Thinking skills

b3. Creativity in cognition

*4. Character: emotional experience, caring

b4. Creativity in character (persistence, curiosity, etc.)

**5. STEM career: aspiration, attitudes

5. Career aspiration & aptitude

6. ICT or environmental literacy

6. ICT skills, inquiry skills, mathematical skills

7. Creativity: creative problem-solving skills

a7. Creativity: creative problem-solving skills

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (significantly higher than academic achievement); amedium effect size (> 0.5, < 0.8) bhigh effect size (> 0.8)